Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură
Rezumat
Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură este un premiu literar care se acordă anual de către Academia Suedeză persoanei care a creat ,,în domeniul literaturii cea mai valoroasă operă într-o direcție ideală” (Alfred Nobel[1]). Este unul din cele 5 premii Nobel acordate conform testamentului lui Alfred Nobel.
Data
Decernarea Premiului Nobel pentru Literatură are loc la începutul lui octombrie.
Valoare financiară
Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură are o valoare variabilă. În 2018 premiul a fost de 9 milioane de coroane, adică circa 944 000 dolari.[2]
Laureat/laureați
Premiul poate reveni unei singure persoane, sau se poate împărți la 2 persoane în mod egal, sau se poate împărți la trei persoane, fie în mod egal, fie într-un mod în care o persoană primește jumătate, iar celelalte două persoane câte un sfert fiecare.[3]
Bărbați și femei
S-au acordat 112 premii Nobel în perioada 1901-2019, unui număr de 116 persoane, 101 bărbați și 15 femei.
Femei:
1909 – Selma Lagerlöf
1926 – Grazia Deledda
1928 – Sigrid Undset
1938 – Pearl Buck
1945 – Gabriela Mistral
1966 – Nelly Sachs
1991 – Nadine Gordimer
1993 – Toni Morrison
1996 – Wislawa Szymborska
2004 – Elfriede Jelinek
2007 – Doris Lessing
2009 – Herta Müller
2013 – Alice Munro
2015 – Svetlana Alexievich
2018 – Olga Tokarczuk
2020- Louise Glück[4]
Premiu împărțit
Premiul a fost împărțit de 2 persoane de 4 ori (1904, 1917, 1966, 1974).
1904 – Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray
1917 – Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
1966 – Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs
1974 – Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson[5]
Multiplu laureat
Până acum nu a existat vreo persoană care să fi primit premiul de mai multe ori.[6]
Neacordare
Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură nu a fost acordat de 7 ori, în anii 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942 și 1943.[7]
Vârstă
Cel mai tânăr laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Literatură a fost Rudyard Kipling, care avea 41 ani și cel mai vârstnic a fost Doris Lessing, care avea 88 ani.[8]
Post-mortem
Erik Axel Karlfeldt a primit premiul Nobel pentru Literatură post-mortem, în 1931. Din 1974 s-a stabilit că nu poate fi acordat premiul post-mortem, cu excepția situației în care decesul survine după anunțul câștigării premiului.[9]
Refuz
Au fost 2 persoane care au refuzat premiul: Boris Pasternak (1958) și Jean Paul Sartre (1964). Boris Pasternak a acceptat întâi premiul, dar a fost forțat apoi de autoritățile comuniste să-l refuze.[10]
Lista laureaților
An Nume Țară Limbă (limbi)
1901 Sully Prudhomme Franţa Franța Franceză
1902 Theodor Mommsen Germania Germania Germană
1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norvegia Norvegia Norvegiană
1904 Frédéric Mistral Franţa Franța Occitană
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre Spania Spania Spaniolă
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Polonia Polonia Poloneză
1906 Giosuè Carducci Italia Italia Italiană
1907 Rudyard Kipling Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germania Germania Germană
1909 Selma Lagerlöf Suedia Suedia Suedeză
1910 Paul Heyse Germania Germania Germană
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgia Belgia Franceză
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germania Germania Germană
1913 Rabindranath Tagore India India Bengaleză
1915 Romain Rolland Franţa Franța Franceză
1916 Verner von Heidenstam Suedia Suedia Suedeză
1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Danemarca Danemarca Daneză
Henrik Pontoppidan Danemarca Danemarca Daneză
1919 Carl Spitteler Elveţia Elveția Germană
1920 Knut Hamsun Norvegia Norvegia Norvegiană
1921 Anatole France Franţa Franța Franceză
1922 Jacinto Benavente Spania Spania Spaniolă
1923 William Butler Yeats Irlanda Irlanda Engleză
1924 Władysław Reymont Polonia Polonia Poloneză
1925 George Bernard Shaw Irlanda Irlanda Engleză
1926 Grazia Deledda Italia Italia Italiană
1927 Henri Bergson Franţa Franța Franceză
1928 Sigrid Undset Norvegia Norvegia Norvegiană
1929 Thomas Mann Germania Germania Germană
1930 Sinclair Lewis Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Suedia Suedia Suedeză
1932 John Galsworthy Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1933 Ivan Alexeevici Bunin Rusia Rusia (în exil) Rusă
1934 Luigi Pirandello Italia Italia Italiană
1936 Eugene O’Neill Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1937 Roger Martin du Gard Franţa Franța Franceză
1938 Pearl S. Buck Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finlanda Finlanda Finlandeză
1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Danemarca Danemarca Daneză
1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Chile Spaniolă
1946 Hermann Hesse Elveţia Elveția Germană
1947 André Gide Franţa Franța Franceză
1948 T. S. Eliot Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii/Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1949 William Faulkner Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1950 Bertrand Russell Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1951 Pär Lagerkvist Suedia Suedia Suedeză
1952 François Mauriac Franţa Franța Franceză
1953 Sir Winston Churchill Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1954 Ernest Hemingway Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1955 Halldór Laxness Islanda Islanda Islandeză
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spania Spania Spaniolă
1957 Albert Camus Franţa Franța Franceză
1958 Boris Leonidovici Pasternak (a refuzat premiul) Rusia Rusia Rusă
1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italia Italia Italiană
1960 Saint-John Perse Franţa Franța Franceză
1961 Ivo Andric Iugoslavia Iugoslavia Sârbo-croată
1962 John Steinbeck Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1963 Giorgos Seferis Grecia Grecia Greacă
1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (a refuzat premiul) Franţa Franța Franceză
1965 Mihail Șolohov Rusia Rusia Rusă
1966 Șemuel Iosef Agnon Israel Israel Ebraică
Nelly Sachs Germania Germania Germană
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala Guatemala Spaniolă
1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japonia Japonia Japoneză
1969 Samuel Beckett Irlanda Irlanda Engleză/Franceză
1970 Alexandr Soljenițîn Rusia Rusia Rusă
1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Chile Spaniolă
1972 Heinrich Böll Germania Germania (Vest) Germană
1973 Patrick White Australia Australia Engleză
1974 Eyvind Johnson Suedia Suedia Suedeză
Harry Martinson Suedia Suedia Suedeză
1975 Eugenio Montale Italia Italia Italiană
1976 Saul Bellow Canada Canada/Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spania Spania Spaniolă
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer născut în Polonia, Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Idiș
1979 Odysseas Elytis Grecia Grecia Greacă
1980 Czesław Miłosz Polonia Polonia/Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Poloneză
1981 Elias Canetti Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Germană
1982 Gabriel García Márquez Columbia Columbia Spaniolă
1983 William Golding Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
1984 Jaroslav Seifert Cehoslovacia Cehoslovacia Cehă
1985 Claude Simon Franţa Franța Franceză
1986 Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka Nigeria Nigeria Engleză
1987 Iosif Brodski Rusia Rusia/Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Rusă/Engleză
1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egipt Egipt Arabă
1989 Camilo José Cela Spania Spania Spaniolă
1990 Octavio Paz Mexic Mexic Spaniolă
1991 Nadine Gordimer Africa de Sud Africa de Sud Engleză
1992 Derek Walcott Sfânta Lucia Sfânta Lucia Engleză
1993 Toni Morrison Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
1994 Kenzaburo Oe Japonia Japonia Japoneză
1995 Seamus Heaney Irlanda Irlanda Engleză
1996 Wisława Szymborska Polonia Polonia Poloneză
1997 Dario Fo Italia Italia Italiană
1998 José Saramago Portugalia Portugalia Portugheză
1999 Günter Grass Germania Germania Germană
2000 Gao Xingjian Franţa Franța/China China Chineză
2001 Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
2002 Imre Kertész Ungaria Ungaria Maghiară
2003 John Maxwell Coetzee Africa de Sud Africa de Sud Engleză
2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria Austria Germană
2005 Harold Pinter Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
2006 Orhan Pamuk Turcia Turcia Turcă
2007 Doris Lessing Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Franţa Franța și Mauritius Mauritius Franceză
2009 Herta Müller Germania Germania și România Germană/Română
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Peru / Spania Spania Spaniolă
2011 Tomas Tranströmer Suedia Suedia Suedeză
2012 Mo Yan China China Chineză
2013 Alice Munro Canada Canada Engleză
2014 Patrick Modiano Franţa Franța Franceză
2015 Svetlana Alexievici Belarus Belarus Rusă
2016 Bob Dylan Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii Engleză
2017 Kazuo Ishiguro Regatul Unit Regatul Unit Engleză
2018 Olga Tokarczuk (decernat în 2019) Polonia Polonia Poloneză
2019 Peter Handke Austria Austria Germană
2020 Louise Glück (SUA) Engleză
Ierarhizarea după țară
1.Franța 15 laureați (14 nativi): Sully Prudhomme, Frédéric Mistral, Romain Rolland, Anatole France, Henri Bergson, Roger Martin du Gard, André Gide, François Mauriac, Albert Camus, Saint-John Perse, Jean-Paul Sartre, Claude Simon, Gao Xingjian (Franța, născut în China), Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (Franța și Mauritius), Patrick Modiano.
2.Statele Unite 14 laureați (10 nativi): Sinclair Lewis, Eugene O’Neill, Pearl S. Buck, T. S. Eliot (născut în Statele Unite ale Americii /Regatul Unit), William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, Saul Bellow (Canada/ Statele Unite ale Americii), Isaac Bashevis Singer (născut în Polonia), Czesław Miłosz (Polonia/Statele Unite ale Americii), Iosif Brodski (Rusia/Statele Unite ale Americii), Toni Morrison, Bob Dylan, Louise Glück.
3.Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii 11 laureați (8 nativi): Rudyard Kipling, John Galsworthy, T. S. Eliot(Statele Unite ale Americii/Regatul Unit), Bertrand Russell, Sir Winston Churchill, Elias Canetti (Regatul Unit; născut în Bulgaria), William Golding, Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (născut în Trinidad și Tobago, care era atunci teritoriu britanic), Harold Pinter, Doris Lessing, Kazuo Ishiguro (născut în Japonia)
4.Germania 9 laureați (8 nativi) Theodor Mommsen, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Paul Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Herta Müller (Germania și România; născută în România; a emigrat în Germania în 1987)
5.Suedia 8 laureați: Selma Lagerlöf, Verner von Heidenstam, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Pär Lagerkvist, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson, Tomas Tranströmer
6.Italia 6 laureați: Giosuè Carducci, Grazia Deledda, Luigi Pirandello, Salvatore Quasimodo, Eugenio Montale, Dario Fo
7.Spania 6 laureați: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Jacinto Benavente, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Vicente Aleixandre, Camilo José Cela, Mario Vargas Llosa
8.Polonia 5 laureați: Henryk Sienkiewicz, Władysław Reymont, Czesław Miłosz (Polonia Polonia/Statele Unite ale Americii), Wisława Szymborska, Olga Tokarczuk (decernat în 2019)
9.Irlanda 4 laureați: William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Seamus Heaney
10.Rusia 4 laureați: Ivan Alexeevici Bunin, Boris Leonidovici Pasternak, Mihail Șolohov, Alexandr Soljenițîn
Danemarca 3 : Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Norway 3 : Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset
Chile 2: Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda
China 2 : Gao Xingjian Franţa/China, Mo Yan
Grecia 2 : Giorgos Seferis, Odysseas Elytis
Japonia 2: Yasunari Kawabata, Kenzaburo Oe
Africa de Sud 2 Nadine Gordimer, John Maxwell Coetzee
Elveția 2 Carl Spitteler, Hermann Hesse
Austria 2 Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke
Canada 2 Saul Bellow (Canada/Statele Unite ale Americii), Alice Munro
Australia 1 Patrick White
Belarus 1 Svetlana Alexievici
Belgia 1 Maurice Maeterlinck
Bulgaria 1 Elias Canetti (Regatul Unit; născut în Bulgaria)
Columbia 1 Gabriel García Márquez
Cehoslovacia 1 Jaroslav Seifert
Egipt 1 Naguib Mahfouz
Finlanda 1 Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Guatemala 1 Miguel Ángel Asturias
Ungaria 1 Imre Kertész
Islanda 1 Halldór Laxness
India 1 Rabindranath Tagore
Israel 1 Șemuel Iosef Agnon
Mauritius 1 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (Franța și Mauritius)
Mexic 1 Octavio Paz
Nigeria 1 Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka
Peru 1 Mario Vargas Llosa
Portugalia 1 José Saramago
Sfânta Lucia 1 Derek Walcott
Turcia 1 Orhan Pamuk
Iugoslavia 1 Ivo Andric
România 1 Herta Müller (Germania și România; născută în România; a emigrat în Germania în 1987)
Lista detaliată a laureaților
Lista detaliată a laureaților (1901-2019), cu mențiunea contribuției:
2020
Louise Glück „for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal.”
2019
Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience”
2018
Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”
2017
Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”
2016
Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”
2015
Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”
2014
Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”
2013
Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story”
2012
Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”
2011
Tomas Tranströmer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality”
2010
Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat”
2009
Herta Müller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”
2008
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization”
2007
Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”
2006
Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”
2005
Harold Pinter“who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms”
2004
Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”
2003
John M. Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider”
2002
Imre Kertész “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”
2001
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”
2000
Gao Xingjian “for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama”
1999
Günter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history”
1998
José Saramago who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”
1997
Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”
1996
Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”
1995
Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past”
1994
Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today”
1993
Toni Morrison “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”
1992
Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”
1991
Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity”
1990
Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity”
1989
Camilo José Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability”
1988
Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”
1987
Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”
1986
Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”
1985
Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition”
1984
Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man”
1983
William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today”
1982
Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts”
1981
Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power”
1980
Czeslaw Milosz who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts”
1979
Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness”
1978
Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life”
1977
Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”
1976
Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work”
1975
Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions”
1974
Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom”
Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos”
1973
Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature”
1972
Heinrich Böll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature”
1971
Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams”
1970
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature”
1969
Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”
1968
Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”
1967
Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”
1966
Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people”
Nelly Sachs“for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”
1965
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people”
1964
Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age”
1963
Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture”
1962
John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”
1961
Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country”
1960
Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”
1959
Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times”
1958
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition”
1957
Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”
1956
Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”
1955
Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”
1954
Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”
1953
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”
1952
François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life”
1951
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”
1950
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”
1949
William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”
1948
Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”
1947
André Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”
1946
Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style”
1945
Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”
1944
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”
1943
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1942
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1940
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1939
Frans Eemil Sillanpää “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature”
1938
Pearl Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”
1937
Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault”
1936
Eugene Gladstone O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”
1935
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1934
Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art”
1933
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing”
1932
John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga”
1931
Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt”
1930
Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters”
1929
Thomas Mann “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature”
1928
Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”
1927
Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”
1926
Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”
1925
George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”
1924
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants”
1923
William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation”
1922
Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”
1921
Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament”
1920
Knut Pedersen Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil”
1919
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring”
1918
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917
Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals”
Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark”
1916
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature”
1915
Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings”
1914
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1913
Rabindranath Tagore “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West”
1912
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art”
1911
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations”
1910
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories”
1909
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”
1908
Rudolf Christoph Eucken “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life”
1907
Rudyard Kipling “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author”
1906
Giosuè Carducci “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces”
1905
Henryk Sienkiewicz “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”
1904
Frédéric Mistral “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist”
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama”
1903
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit”
1902
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome”
1901
Sully Prudhomme “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”
Bibliografie
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize/Literature
Dicționar enciclopedic, 1993-2009, https://dexonline.ro/definitie/Nobel
Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură
Note subsol:
- 1. Chimist, inventator și industriaș suedez, inventatorul dinamitei, Dicționar enciclopedic, 1993-2009, https://dexonline.ro/definitie/Nobel
- 2. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2019.pdf
- 3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
- 4. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 5. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 6. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 7. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 8. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 9. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
- 10. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature