Premiul Nobel pentru Pace
Rezumat
Premiul Nobel pentru Pace este unul din cele 5 premii (alături de cele pentru fizică, chimie, fiziologie sau medicină și literatură) instituite de Alfred Nobel. Este acordat de parlamentul norvegian.
Număr
Premiul Nobel pentru Pace a fost acordat de 103 ori.[1]
Persoane și organizații
Au existat 140 laureați ai Premiului Nobel pentru Pace, 110 persoane și 30 organizații. Au existat 24 organizații diferite care au primit premiul. Comitetul Internațional al Crucii Roșii a primit premiul de 3 ori (1917, 1944 și 1963) și Înaltul Comisariat al Națiunilor Unite pentru Refugiați a primit premiul de 2 ori (1954 și 1981).[2]
Locul
Este singurul premiu Nobel care se decernează în Norvegia, la Oslo.
Laureați
Laureați:[3]
1901 Dunant, Henri Switzerland
Passy, Frédéric France
1902 Ducommun, Élie Switzerland
Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerland
1903 Cremer, Sir Randal U.K.
1904 Institute of International Law (founded 1873)
1905 Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-Hungary
1906 Roosevelt, Theodore U.S.
1907 Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italy
Renault, Louis France
1908 Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Sweden
Bajer, Fredrik Denmark
1909 Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François Belgium
Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d’ France
1910 International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)
1911 Asser, Tobias Michael Carel Netherlands
Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-Hungary
1912 Root, Elihu U.S.
1913 Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgium
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
1919 Wilson, Woodrow U.S.
1920 Bourgeois, Léon France
1921 Branting, Karl Hjalmar Sweden
Lange, Christian Lous Norway
1922 Nansen, Fridtjof Norway
1925 Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K.
Dawes, Charles G. U.S.
1926 Briand, Aristide France
Stresemann, Gustav Germany
1927 Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard France
Quidde, Ludwig Germany
1929 Kellogg, Frank B. U.S.
1930 Söderblom, Nathan Sweden
1931 Addams, Jane U.S.
Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S.
1933 Angell, Sir Norman U.K.
1934 Henderson, Arthur U.K.
1935 Ossietzky, Carl von Germany
1936 Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentina
1937 Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount U.K.
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931)
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
1945 Hull, Cordell U.S.
1946 Balch, Emily Greene U.S.
Mott, John R. U.S.
1947 American Friends Service Committee U.S.
Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.
1949 Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.
1950 Bunche, Ralph U.S.
1951 Jouhaux, Léon France
1952 Schweitzer, Albert Alsace
1953 Marshall, George C. U.S.
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)
1957 Pearson, Lester B. Canada
1958 Pire, Dominique Belgium
1959 Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron U.K.
1960 Luthuli, Albert John South Africa
1961 Hammarskjöld, Dag Sweden
1962 Pauling, Linus U.S.
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
League of Red Cross Societies (founded 1919)
1964 King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.
1965 United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946)
1968 Cassin, René France
1969 International Labour Organisation (founded 1919)
1970 Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.
1971 Brandt, Willy West Germany
1973 Kissinger, Henry U.S.
Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam
1974 MacBride, Seán Ireland
Sato Eisaku Japan
1975 Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich U.S.S.R.
1976 Corrigan, Mairéad Northern Ireland
Williams, Betty Northern Ireland
1977 Amnesty International (founded 1961)
1978 Begin, Menachem Israel
Sadat, Anwar el- Egypt
1979 Teresa, Mother India
1980 Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo Argentina
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)
1982 García Robles, Alfonso Mexico
Myrdal, Alva Sweden
1983 Wałęsa, Lech Poland
1984 Tutu, Desmond South Africa
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)
1986 Wiesel, Elie U.S.
1987 Arias Sánchez, Oscar Costa Rica
1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Dalai Lama Tibet
1990 Gorbachev, Mikhail U.S.S.R.
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
1992 Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemala
1993 de Klerk, F.W. South Africa
Mandela, Nelson South Africa
1994 Arafat, Yasser Palestinian
Peres, Shimon Israel
Rabin, Yitzhak Israel
1995 Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)
Rotblat, Joseph U.K.
1996 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes East Timor
Ramos-Horta, José East Timor
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)
Williams, Jody U.S.
1998 Hume, John Northern Ireland
Trimble, David Northern Ireland
1999 Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)
2000 Kim Dae-Jung South Korea
2001 United Nations (founded 1945)
Annan, Kofi Ghana
2002 Carter, Jimmy U.S.
2003 Ebadi, Shirin Iran
2004 Maathai, Wangari Kenya
2005 ElBaradei, Mohamed Egypt
International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)
2006 Grameen Bank (founded 1976)
Yunus, Muhammad Bangladesh
2007 Gore, Al U.S.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)
2008 Ahtisaari, Martti Finland
2009 Obama, Barack U.S.
2010 Liu Xiaobo China
2011 Gbowee, Leymah Liberia
Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen Liberia
Karmān, Tawakkul Yemen
2012 European Union (founded 1993)
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997)
2014 Satyarthi, Kailash India
Yousafzai, Malala Pakistan
2015 National Dialogue Quartet (founded 2013)
2016 Santos, Juan Manuel Colombia
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007)
2018 Mukwege, Denis Democratic Republic of the Congo
Murad, Nadia Iraq
2019 Abiy Ahmed Ethiopia
Lista detaliată
Lista detaliată a laureaților (1901-2022), cu menționarea contribuției:
2022
The 2022 Peace Prize is awarded to human rights advocate Ales Bialiatski from Belarus, the Russian human rights organisation Memorial and the Ukrainian human rights organisation Center for Civil Liberties. The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.
2021
Maria Ressa and Dmitry Andreyevich Muratov “for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace”
2020
World Food Programme (WFP) “for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict”
2019
Abiy Ahmed Ali “for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea”
2018
Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad “for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict”
2017
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) “for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons”
2016
Juan Manuel Santos “for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end”
2015
National Dialogue Quartet “for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011”
2014
Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education”
2013
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) “for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons”
2012
European Union (EU) “for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe”
2011
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work”
2010
Liu Xiaobo “for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China”
2009
Barack H. Obama “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”
2008
Martti Ahtisaari “for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts”
2007
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change”
2006
Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank “for their efforts to create economic and social development from below”
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei “for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way”
2004
Wangari Muta Maathai “for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace”
2003
Shirin Ebadi “for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children”
2002
Jimmy Carter “for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development”
2001
United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”
2000
Kim Dae-jung “for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular”
1999
Médecins Sans Frontières “in recognition of the organization’s pioneering humanitarian work on several continents”
1998
John Hume and David Trimble “for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland”
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”
1996
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta “for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor”
1995
Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms”
1994
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East”
1993
Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”
1992
Rigoberta Menchú Tum “in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples”
1991
Aung San Suu Kyi “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights”
1990
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev “for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community”
1989
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)
1988
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987
Oscar Arias Sánchez “for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year”
1986
Elie Wiesel
1985
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984
Desmond Mpilo Tutu
1983
Lech Walesa
1982
Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles
1981
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1980
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1979
Mother Teresa
1978
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin
1977
Amnesty International
1976
Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan
1975
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
1974
Seán MacBride and Eisaku Sato
1973
Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho
1972
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
1971
Willy Brandt
1970
Norman E. Borlaug
1969
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
1968
René Cassin
1967
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1966
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1965
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
1964
Martin Luther King Jr.
1963
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) and Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)
1962
Linus Carl Pauling
1961
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
1960
Albert John Lutuli
1959
Philip J. Noel-Baker
1958
Georges Pire
1957
Lester Bowles Pearson
1956
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1955
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1954
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1953
George Catlett Marshall
1952
Albert Schweitzer
1951
Léon Jouhaux
1950
Ralph Bunche
1949
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin
1948
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1947
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) and American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)
1946
Emily Greene Balch and John Raleigh Mott
1945
Cordell Hull
1944
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1943
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1942
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1940
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1939
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1938
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)
1937
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)
1936
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1935
Carl von Ossietzky
1934
Arthur Henderson
1933
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
1932
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1931
Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler
1930
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom
1929
Frank Billings Kellogg
1928
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1927
Ferdinand Buisson and Ludwig Quidde
1926
Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann
1925
Sir Austen Chamberlain and Charles Gates Dawes
1924
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1922
Fridtjof Nansen
1921
Karl Hjalmar Branting and Christian Lous Lange
1920
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois
1919
Thomas Woodrow Wilson
1918
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1916
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1913
Henri La Fontaine
1912
Elihu Root
1911
Tobias Michael Carel Asser and Alfred Hermann Fried
1910
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)
1909
Auguste Marie François Beernaert and Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d’Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque
1908
Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik Bajer
1907
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta and Louis Renault
1906
Theodore Roosevelt
1905
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau
1904
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)
1903
William Randal Cremer
1902
Élie Ducommun and Charles Albert Gobat
1901
Jean Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy
Bibliografie
All Nobel Peace Prizes. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Wed. 5 Feb 2020. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize/Peace
Dicționar enciclopedic 1993- 2009, https://dexonline.ro/definitie/Nobel
Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace Premiul Nobel pentru Pace